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NATIONAL STRATEGIES
FOR
ADVANCING BICYCLE SAFETY

Revised 4/24/01

Summary: Back around the turn of the century a group gathered to design a campaign to address all of the elements that discourage bicycling in the US. This plan was the result. Although some organizations followed through with their own actions, very little ever happened on the national level.

The National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety is a publication of the National

Traffic Safety Administration, part of the U.S. Department of Transportation; the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the Federal

Administration, part of the U.S. Department of Transportation.

Disclaimer


The recommendations presented in this publication were generated during a meeting of diverse public and private organizations and agencies. They do not necessarily represent the official policy of the National

Traffic Safety Administration, the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, or the Federal

Administration. Rather, they represent the priorities identified by an expert group convened by these agencies.


NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR
ADVANCING BICYCLE SAFETY
A CALL TO ACTION


This document is a call to action for National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety. It includes goals, strategies, and short- and long-term actions that can be taken to reduce injury and mortality associated with bicycle-related incidents. It is national in scope, but local in application. The National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety was developed by a diverse group of bicycle advocates, injury prevention specialists, and government representatives working together at a conference in July 2000. Although it reflects the thoughts of that group, it is not meant to be a government plan of action.

The National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety is the first step in beginning the process of changing the cycling environment in significant ways by addressing five key goals:


Under each goal is a series of strategies and initial action steps. These are designed to be a road map for policy makers, safety specialists, educators, and the bicycling community to follow as they undertake national, state and local efforts to increase safe bicycling. Some of these strategies go well beyond anything attempted in the past to promote a safer cycling environment.

This document will only become a reality if significant resources are focused on implementation. The needed resources include not only adequate funding, but the time, energy, and dedication of a host of individuals and organizations. We hope that you, the reader, will see opportunities for action by you or your organization to help make these national strategies a reality.

The National Bicycle Safety Network (NBSN) -- a public-private coalition of federal and state agencies, professional and non-profit safety groups, and bicycling advocacy organizations dedicated to improving bicycle safety and increasing bicycle use -- has volunteered to facilitate implementation activities for selected portions of the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety. You, or your organization, can participate by taking the lead on implementing one of the strategies, helping with funding or other resources, or joining our efforts toward achieving these critical public safety goals. If you would like to learn more about the progress of the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety or volunteer your time, please contact us through the NBSN website.

BACKGROUND


About 85 million adults and children ride their bikes every year.[1] For children and teens, the bicycle is a primary means of transportation when traveling independently. Every morning an estimated half million people bike to work in the United States.[2] However, injuries do occur. Each year, more than 500,000 bicyclists of all ages sustain a cycling injury that requires emergency department care[3] . Of the approximately 800 bicyclists killed annually,[4] about 750 are killed in traffic crashes[5] . Perhaps not surprisingly, more than half of the bicyclists riding in or near traffic report feeling unsafe.[6]

In a nation where traffic is increasing and roadways are becoming more congested, we must, to the best of our collective ability, ensure the safety of all roadway users.

National Bicycle Safety Conference

A critical step was taken when a group of safety experts and advocates, bicycling enthusiasts, and government agency representatives met in Washington, DC on July 21-22, 2000 to develop a national agenda for bicycling safety. The conference was sponsored by the National Traffic Safety Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Federal Administration, and the Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center. No one present at that meeting could recall a time when such a diverse group had been convened or when government representatives had sat down with cycling advocates to plan significant policy and strategies around bicycling and bicycle safety.

The conference format was crafted to focus discussion on five practical issues that, once accomplished, will substantially advance the safety of bicyclists. These topics were:
Topic experts in each of these areas were commissioned to write "white papers" in advance of the conference and present those papers at the onset of the conference. Each paper addressed key issues in that area, described why the topic is important to bicycle safety, and proposed potential solutions to enhance safety. These white papers were provided to conference participants in advance of the conference and will be published in a separate document summarizing the conference proceedings.

The white papers set the tone for conference discussions, which centered first on outlining key strategies for advancing each area and then detailing critical actions needed to implement those strategies. The National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety (termed "bicycle safety agenda" or "agenda" in this document) is the product of the conference.

Focus of the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety


Bicycling safety, not bicycling use, is the central theme of the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety. Although strategies that increase bicycle use can complement this agenda, the focus here is on safety and public health issues that are not adequately covered in other efforts.

The document, National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety, does not stand alone. Rather, it should be viewed as a "next steps" guide to accompany other documents, including:
This document supplements these other plans by providing specific strategies for achieving the bicycle-related goals, as well as specific action steps that are needed to accomplish those strategies.

The strategies outlined in this document are considered to be those that can be initiated and largely completed within a three-to-five-year time frame. In addition, these strategies are expected to build strong local support and capacity for efforts to improve safe bicycling. As these approaches are implemented or completed, it is expected that other ideas will take their place in the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety.

Implementation


Ultimately, the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety is only useful if it leads to commitment and consequent action by a host of groups. In this process, the role of the federal government was to convene interested parties and encourage their mutual collaboration, rather than dictate a particular approach. Accordingly, the government convened a group of thoughtful, concerned people to help produce a constructive framework for action. However, it was never intended for government agencies to be solely responsible for carrying out these suggested steps, whether through funding or policy changes. Instead, the conference participants produced a constructive framework for action that could help guide the work of individuals and organizations committed to increasing safe bicycling. Accordingly, we invite you to consider these recommendations carefully and add your talents and resources, wherever they may lie, to make bicycling safer for all.

SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL STRATEGIES
FOR ADVANCING BICYCLE SAFETY


The National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety is a call to action for policy makers, educators, advocates, transportation experts, health and injury professionals, and others with an interest in safe bicycling. The strategies encompassed in the document are those that, over the next three to five years, are capable of enhancing bicycle safety for riders of all ages. The specific goals and strategies are summarized below.

Goal #1 Motorists Will Share the Road



Goal #2: Bicyclists Will Ride Safely



Goal #3 Bicyclists Will Wear Helmets



Goal #4 The Legal System Will Support Safe Bicycling

Improve the collection and quality of data concerning bicycle crash incidents, including both traffic and non-traffic sites.

Goal #5 Roads and Paths Will Safely Accommodate Bicyclists



Goal #1
MOTORISTS WILL SHARE THE ROAD


Same Road, Same Rights, Same Rules

Bicycles are a legitimate form of transportation and bicyclists are legal drivers of vehicles, with laws and regulations established for their use. Yet a major issue is that many bicyclists feel they are not respected by motorists and must fight for their place on the road. Like motorists, cyclists need space to safely operate in traffic. They need to anticipate correctly the actions of drivers and other road users. This requires mutual respect, which can be promoted by public information, motorist education programs, and legal measures.

Strategy #1 Create a coordinated "Share the Road" public education campaign that can be adapted at the state and local levels.

Action Steps

1. Evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a campaign emphasizing the importance of sharing the road.

2. Survey successful state and local level programs to guide campaign development.

3. Identify the themes, content, and target audiences for the campaign.

4. Create tools that incorporate multiple forms of media and compelling stories to communicate "Share the Road" messages.

5. Design specific outreach activities to promote bicycle safety for motorists and bicyclists.

6. Encourage local organizations and bicycle advocacy groups to sponsor the campaign in their community.

7. Evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign.



Strategy #2 Amend the motor vehicle code to give precedence to bicyclists in the absence of overriding traffic rules.



Action Steps

1. Research morbidity, mortality, and cost issues related to existing laws to further policy development.

2. Work with the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances to determine needed policy changes.

3. Draft model language for inclusion in the Uniform Vehicle Code.

4. Develop a constituency of bicyclists and motorists to advocate for those code changes needed.

5. Facilitate passage of code-changing bills within state legislatures.


Strategy #3 Include components on "safe bicycling" and "sharing the road" in driver education programs.


Action Steps

1. Survey current programs to determine if and how bicycle safety is incorporated into driver education for beginning drivers and license renewal.

2. Draft model text, graphics, and/or audio-visual material about bicycles, bicyclists, and sharing the road to be included in the driver's license training classes and materials.

3. Draft questions about bicycles, bicyclists, and sharing the road that can be adapted for driver's license testing systems.

4. Encourage states and driver education providers to integrate model program components into existing driver's education programs including, but not limited to, novice driver training, license renewal, taxi cab driver training, professional driver training, bus driver training, commercial driver licensing, traffic (violations) schools, and the 55 Alive Program (offered by the American Association of Retired Persons).



Goal #2 BICYCLISTS WILL RIDE SAFELY

Would you ever think of driving a car without knowing what to do at a red light?


Bicycle safety education is more than just learning how to balance on two wheels. It involves knowledge, skills, and decision-making ability in traffic. It assumes that individuals - both children and adults - can learn to make appropriate decisions in a variety of complex traffic situations. Unfortunately, many cyclists and motorists do not place the same value on cyclist education as on driver education, even though they share the same road. By teaching cyclists the necessary knowledge and skills to cycle safely, bicycle safety education can be a useful means of preventing injuries and deaths. Safety instruction is already a component of many such programs. The most effective programs need to be identified and their use encouraged.

Strategy #1 Create a national "Ride Safely" marketing campaign targeted toward bicycle riders.


Action Steps

1. Evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of the campaign.

2. Identify the themes, content, and target audiences for the campaign.

3. Determine channels of delivery to reach diverse populations (i.e., age, ethnic, gender, lifestyle, disabled, rural).

4. Create messages that provide accurate, culturally acceptable, and developmentally appropriate bicycle safety messages through multimedia sources.

5. Develop state press kits and model products that advocate safe bicycling.

6. Encourage bicycle retailers, hospitals, and corporations to sponsor the program and publicize bicycle rules of the road.

7. Evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign.

Strategy #2 Encourage statewide bicycle safety conferences to promote the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety.


Action Steps

1. Recruit organizations to sponsor statewide conferences focused on implementation of the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety.

2. Bring individuals and organizations together to develop state and local strategies for bicycle safety.

3. Assist interested states in conference planning to encourage compatibility with the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety.

4. Create mechanisms that publicize and allow for coordination of state conferences and bicycle safety efforts.

Strategy #3 Expand school-based and community-based programs that teach bicycle safety to children and adult bicyclists.


Action Steps

1. Create a national clearinghouse to compile bicycle safety education resources (e.g., parks and recreation programs, rodeos, after-school programs, health and safety fairs, faith-based programs, workplace safety programs).

2. Develop needed additional educational materials (e.g., model curricula, books, video games, service-learning activities) to address bicycle safety education.

3. Disseminate programs to teachers and community-based educators and encourage them to incorporate bicycle safety content into their classes.

4. Require bicycle and traffic safety in educational and other relevant settings such as English as a Second Language (ESL) classes, HEAD Start programs, and after-school programs.

Strategy #4 Educate community professionals on effective ways to promote safe bicycling.


Action Steps

1. Convene a committee to develop and encourage educational programs targeted at local government officials, health professionals, criminal justice professionals (i.e., law enforcement, judges), traffic engineers, and others who can influence safe bicycling.

2. Identify and evaluate existing bicycle safety materials or other community- based programs to determine if they can be adapted for these audiences.

3. Disseminate successful programs in order to foster replication.

4. Identify resources and a process for funding pilot projects focused on community leaders.

Strategy #5 Motivate decision-makers at all levels to adopt policies that promote safe bicycling.


Action Steps

1. Determine and publicize the economic, health, and community benefits of bicycle safety.

2. Research the content and effectiveness of existing policies and the desired outcomes from new policies or policy changes.

3. Draft model bicycle safety policies that can be adapted by decision makers in government, education, medicine, law enforcement, public health, etc.

4. Create informational materials and an approach to engage policy makers and stakeholders in endorsing safe bicycling policies.


Goal #3 BICYCLISTS WILL WEAR HELMETS

If your chances of winning the lottery were 88%, wouldn't you play?


Bicycle helmets are 88% effective in preventing serious brain injury. Yet fewer than half of the bicycle riders wear one, and teens almost never do. The reported reasons among infrequent and recreational cyclists for not wearing helmets include their lack of social acceptability and their belief that they are uncomfortably hot to wear in the summer. Experienced riders, particularly adults, cite their superior bicycling skill as one reason, among others, for not wearing helmets. Research has shown that comprehensive programs -- those that provide helmets at a discount, teach the importance of their use, and include helmet use laws -- are most likely to result in increased helmet usage.

Strategy #1 Create a national bicycle helmet safety campaign.


Action Steps

1. Evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of such a campaign.

2. Hire a full-time campaign coordinator and recruit staff support from participating agencies.

3. Recruit a media firm to create a campaign.

4. Develop the themes, content, and target audiences for the campaign and identify channels of delivery.

5. Encourage corporations and bicycle advocacy groups to sponsor the campaign. 6. Monitor campaign effectiveness.

Strategy #2 Create tools to promote and increase bicycle helmet use that can be adapted for use at the state and local levels.


Action Steps

1. Compile and catalog community-based bicycle helmet safety materials, resources, organizations, and programs.

2. Review and assess materials to ensure that the messages are accurate, culturally- sensitive, and developmentally-appropriate.

3. Develop additional materials (e.g., model curricula, books, video games) as needed to address bicycle helmet education.

4. Disseminate materials to school-based and community-based educators (via video, the Internet, resource center, etc.) and encourage them to incorporate bicycle helmet messages into their programs.

5. Monitor implementation of tools and assess the effectiveness of use at the local level.

Strategy #3 Assist states and communities that decide to address bicycle helmet use through state and local laws and enforcement.

Note: Conference participants were not able to arrive at consensus on the inclusion of a strategy targeted at promoting mandatory helmet laws for bicyclists. Proponents argued that the best way to promote helmet use, and thereby reduce mortality and serious injury, is to require bicyclists to wear helmets. Opponents argued that requiring helmet use interferes with personal freedom, exaggerates the dangers of cycling, and reduces ridership. To promote the broadest possible participation in the National Strategies for Advancing Bicycle Safety, it was decided that advocacy for mandatory helmet laws would not be included in this document. However, those states and communities that are looking for assistance in this area will be supported by individuals and organizations who agree that helmet use laws are beneficial. Organizations with an interest in this area will continue to pursue efforts to secure passage of these laws.
Action Steps

1. Collect existing laws utilized by state and local governments.

2. Draft model laws that can be made available, as requested, for state and local government officials and advocates.

3. Encourage law enforcement agencies to enforce existing bicycle helmet laws.

4. Monitor the effectiveness of helmet laws for changing behavior and reducing injury.


GOAL #4
THE LEGAL SYSTEM WILL SUPPORT SAFE BICYCLING

Shouldn't the police ticket any road user - bicyclist or driver - who breaks the law?


The rights and rules of the road apply to both cyclists and motorists. The rights of cyclists must be upheld through the legal system and the laws affecting safe bicycling must be fairly and consistently enforced. However, some cyclists believe that motorists are not penalized for violating cyclist right-of-way and that, consequentially, data systems assign fault to cyclists in crashes. Data on high-risk crash locations and public support for enforcement efforts are important for good legislation and for getting law enforcement and the courts to uphold the laws and regulations that discourage unsafe behavior.

Strategy #1 Improve the collection and quality of data concerning bicycle crash incidents, including both traffic and non-traffic sites.


Action Steps

1. Evaluate the accuracy of currently collected law enforcement and injury data with respect to completeness and recording of elements of the causal chain that led to the crash.

2. Evaluate the federal and state requirements that pertain to how information about bicycle involvement in crashes is recorded on crash report forms.

3. Assess the usefulness of existing data reporting systems in tracking incidents and injuries involving bicycles.

4. Employ community needs assessment and other tools to make recommendations for improvements in data collection procedures.

5. Create model forms, procedures, and tools to implement recommendations.

6. Disseminate findings and encourage jurisdictions to improve their data collection procedures and practices.

Strategy #2 Create tools that help law enforcement officers enforce bicycle-safety traffic laws aimed at bicyclists and motorists.


Action Steps

1. Draft model crash investigation protocols, daily roll call presentations, and bicycle safety enforcement tools that can be adapted by law enforcement departments.

2. Disseminate models to local police departments and sheriffs' departments and encourage them to incorporate bicycle safety content into standard procedures.

3. Publicize effective enforcement practices and models in law enforcement magazines and trade journals.

4. Identify internal change agents (including law enforcement on bicycles) and support their efforts to influence other officers.

5. Conduct an advocacy campaign for law enforcement executives.

Strategy #3 Promote the most promising enforcement efforts at those local sites where they are likely to be effective.


Action Steps

1. Identify and evaluate new and existing efforts to improve bicycle safety enforcement, such as targeting intersections with high incidents of bicycle-motor vehicle conflicts and high-risk bicycle-endangering behaviors (including speeding).

2. Disseminate effective practices to law enforcement agencies and professional organizations.

3. Encourage local law enforcement agencies to implement successful bicycle safety enforcement practices.

4. Promote increased, accurate media coverage of bicycle crashes.

5. Build local coalitions of safe bicycling advocates and law enforcement agencies to promote strategic law enforcement.

Strategy #4 Encourage the court system to follow through on bicycle safety enforcement by imposing meaningful penalties for both motorist and bicyclist violations.


Action Steps

1. Investigate how courts are currently adjudicating bicycle-related incidents.

2. Evaluate the availability and adequacy of bicycle-related data and reporting systems used by courts.

3. Disseminate effective practices to court professionals and organizations.

4. Establish a "bicycle court" model that addresses infractions involving bicyclists.


Goal #5 ROADS AND PATHS WILL SAFELY ACCOMMODATE BICYCLISTS

If it is safer, will they use it?


During the 1990s, Federal spending on bicycle and pedestrian facilities (e.g., bicycle paths, lanes, and racks) increased dramatically C from approximately $4 million per year to more than $200 million per year. Improvements for bicyclists have included striped bicycle lanes, off-road trails, bicycle parking racks and lockers, and a variety of planning, safety, and promotional activities. In addition, thousands of miles of paved shoulders have been built or rebuilt as a part of highway projects, providing bicyclists with a safer place to ride. Unfortunately, however, roadway design still often overlooks the needs of bicyclists. Traffic engineers and planners who design and operate the roadway transportation system don't always understand cyclists' rights, responsibilities, needs, and preferences.

Strategy #1 Document and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of facility design options.


Action Steps

1. Compile data on the design features and implementation of bicycle-safe facilities.

2. Evaluate the use and safety (including exposure) of existing facilities and disseminate findings to transportation professionals and bicycle advocates.

3. Encourage increased allocation of research dollars for bicycle safety research at the national level.

4. Promote implementation and evaluation of promising new bicycle facility designs.

Strategy #2 Improve 100,000 miles of roadways that serve everyday travel by providing striped bicycle lanes and other safe bicycling facilities.


Action Steps

1. Identify and track existing miles of bicycle lanes as well as plans for striping of additional miles.

2. Involve citizens, bicycle safety organizations, and advocates in community needs assessment and local planning efforts.

3. Establish bicycle lane mileage goals for states and metropolitan planning organizations.

4. Develop and issue implementation guidelines for use by transportation professionals. 5. Provide incentives to allocate funds for striping.

6. Disseminate information to help ensure that routine roadway design and operation safely accommodate bicyclists even where no special facilities are present.

Strategy #3 Train professionals responsible for the planning, design, and operation of the transportation system to better accommodate bicycle travel.


Action Steps

1. Offer the pedestrian/bicycle graduate course, developed by the Federal

Administration, to at least one university in every state.

2. Deliver a continuing education course on accommodating bicycle travel to design professionals in every state.

3. Develop a new bicycle facilities course, offered by the Federal

Administration's National

Institute.

4. Encourage colleges and universities to incorporate bicycle transportation in the undergraduate civil engineering curriculum.

5. Disseminate information to help ensure that routine roadway design and operation safely accommodate bicyclists.





APPENDIX 1
CONFERENCE STEERING COMMITTEE
BICYCLE SAFETY CONFERENCE 2000
STEERING COMMITTEE





Barbara Alberson, MPH
Chief, State and Local Injury Control Section
California Department of Health Services


Heather Anderson
Project Manager
Washington Area Bicycle Association


Marietta Y. Pearson Bowen, MS
Office of Traffic Injury Control Programs
National Traffic Safety Administration


Stephanie D. Bryn, MPH
Injury and Violence Prevention Programs
Maternal and Child Health Bureau
Health Resources and Services Administration


Andy Clarke
Executive Director
Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals


Janet Coleman, MS
Office of Safety Infrastructure
Federal Administration


Marquita Dudley
Manager, Club Programs
American Automobile Association


John C. Fegan, MA
Bicycle and Pedestrian Program Manager
Federal Administration


Michael J. Klasmeier
Program Director
League of American Bicyclists


Amy L. Matush, MS
Office of Traffic Injury Control Programs
National Traffic Safety Administration


Angela D. Mickalide, PhD
Program Director
National SAFE KIDS Campaign


Fred Rivara, MD, MPH
Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center


Richard A. Schieber, MD, MPH
Childhood Injury Prevention
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Ellen R. Schmidt, MS
Assistant Director, Children's Safety Network
Education Development Center


Randy Swart
Director
Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute


Bill Tremblay
Brain Injury Association, Inc.


Elaine A. Tyrrell, MS
Program and Management Analyst
U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission


Maria E. Vegega, PhD
Chief, Safety Countermeasures Division
National Traffic Safety Administration


Bill Wilkinson
Executive Director
National Center for Bicycling and Walking






APPENDIX 2
CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS

The International Trade Center
Washington, DC

PARTICIPANT LIST


JULY 21-22, 2000

Washington, DC Organizations listed reflect participants' affiliations at the time of the meeting.
Participants' areas of expertise follow the name.

Barbara Alberson, MPH - Health Education
State and Local Injury Control Section
California Department of Health Services


John S. Allen - Bicycle Advocacy
Past President, Massachusetts Bicycle Coalition


Marilena Amoni, MS - Traffic Safety Policy
Office of Traffic Injury Control Programs
National Traffic Safety Administration


Heather Anderson - Bicycle Advocacy
Washington Area Bicycle Association


Lisa M. Aultman-Hall, PhD - Traffic Engineering Research
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Kentucky


Abraham B. Bergman, MD - Pediatrics, Injury Prevention
Harborview Medical Center


Richard D. Blomberg - Human Factors Research
Dunlap and Associates, Inc.


Leverson S. Boodlal, MS - Traffic Engineering
Office of Safety
Federal Administration


Marietta Y. Pearson Bowen, MS - Injury Prevention, Bicycle Safety
Office of Traffic Injury Control Programs
National Traffic Safety Administration


Susan M. Boyle - Bicycle and Pedestrian Advocacy
Transportation Alternatives


Christine M. Branche, PhD - Epidemiology Research
Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention
National Center for Injury Prevention Control
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Ruth A. Brenner, MD, MPH - Epidemiology Research
Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, & Prevention Research
National Institute of Child Health & Human Development


Anita L. Brentley, Med - Education, Community Outreach
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center


Tamara A. Broyhill, MS - Writer/Editor
Office of Safety Infrastructure
Federal Administration


Stephanie D. Bryn, MPH - Education, Injury Prevention
Injury and Violence Prevention Programs
Maternal and Child Health Bureau
Health Resources and Services Administration


Gabriel J. Cano - Community Outreach, Traffic Safety
Office of Communication and Outreach
National Traffic Safety Administration


Peter L. Capper, MBA - Marketing
BVK McDonald


Ellen R. Cavanagh - Bicycle and Pedestrian Advocacy
Transportation Alternatives


Lois E. Chaplin, MPS - Education
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Cornell University


Tanya Chin Ross - Community Outreach
National SAFE KIDS Campaign


Nita K. Clark - Injury Prevention
Injury Prevention Service
Oklahoma State Department of Health


Andy Clarke - Bicycle and Pedestrian Advocacy
Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals


Judy Comoletti - Education
National Fire Prevention Association


Steve Davidson - State Injury Prevention Program Administration
Office of Injury Prevention
Georgia Department of Public Health


Robert J. Demichelis II - Injury Prevention Policy
Brain Injury Association, Inc.


Karen J. DeWitt - Law Enforcement
Washington State Patrol


Lewis W. Dijkstra - Traffic Engineering Research
Planning Consultant and Transportation Researcher
Rutgers University


Marquita Dudley - Education
American Automobile Association


John C. Fegan, MA - Psychology, Traffic Engineering and Planning
Federal Administration


Laurie L. Flaherty, RN - Nursing
Office of Communication and Outreach
National Traffic Safety Administration


John Forester, MS - Bicycle Advocacy, Education
Bicycle Advocate


Valodi Foster, MPH - Injury Prevention
Bicycle Head Injury Prevention Program
California Department of Health Services


Susan S. Gallagher, MPH - Health Education/Policy
Children's Safety Network


Carole S. Guzzetta - Child Injury Prevention Advocacy, Health Education
National Safety Belt Coalition
National Safety Council


Annie M. Hawkins - Education
American Automobile Association


John D. Heeney - Education
National Peer Helpers Association


S. Randal Henry, MPH - Injury Prevention, epidemiology
Epidemiology Analysis
Los Angeles County Department of Health Services


Sarah E. Hunt - Traffic Safety, Health Education
Office of Traffic Injury Control Programs
National Traffic Safety Administration


Michael E. Jackson - State Bicycle Program Administration
Minnesota State Bicycle Coordinator
Minnesota Department of Transportation


Anthony Kane, PhD - Policy Development and Administration
Executive Director
Federal Administration


Michael J. Klasmeier - Bicycle Education/Advocacy
League of American Bicyclists


Charles Komanoff - Bicycle Advocacy
Right of Way


Mary Anne Lahey, PhD - Psychology, Facilitation
American Institutes for Research


Bryan M. LeMonds - Marketing
BVK McDonald


Marvin M. Levy, PhD - Psychology, Human Factors Research
Office of Research and Traffic Records
National Traffic Safety Administration


Nancy Libby-Fisher - Injury Prevention
Rhode Island Department of Health


Lauren M. Marchetti - Health Education


Safety Research Center
University of North Carolina


Amy L. Matush, MS - Traffic Safety, Health Education
Office of Traffic Injury Control Programs
National Traffic Safety Administration


Leigh E. Matusick - Crossing Guard
School Crossing Guard Program
Florida Development of Safety and Motor Vehicles Education


Roberta C. Mayer - Traffic Safety Outreach
Office of Communications and Outreach
National Traffic Safety Administration


Barbara McCann - Bicycle Advocacy/Policy
Transportation and Quality of Life Campaign
Surface Transportation Policy Project


Ray McMurphy - Education
Safe Moves Bicycle Safety Program


Rose McMurray, MS - Traffic Safety Policy
Traffic Safety Programs
National Traffic Safety Administration


Angela D. Mickalide, PhD - Child Injury Prevention Policy
National SAFE KIDS Campaign


Ted R. Miller, PhD - Economics
Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation


Peter C. Moe - Bicycle Advocacy
National Center for Bicycling and Walking


Allen Muchnick - Bicycle Advocacy
Washington Area Bicycle Association


Gary Mueller - Marketing
BVK McDonald


Randy Neufeld - Bicycle Advocacy
Chicagoland Bicycle Federation


Cheryl S. Neverman, MS - Youth Transportation Safety, Injury Prevention
Office of Communications and Outreach
National Traffic Safety Administration


Beverly J. O'Bryant, PhD - Education
Community Service and Service Learning Programs
District of Columbia Public Schools


Richard Olken - Bicycle Advocacy
Bikes Belong Coalition


Jeff S. Olson, RA - Engineering and Planning
Millennium Trails
Office of the Secretary
U.S. Department of Transportation


Scott Osberg, PhD - Traffic Safety Research
AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety


Theodore A. Petritsch - Engineering and Planning, State Program Administration
Florida Pedestrian and Bicycle Coordinator
Florida Department of Transportation


Cynthia H. Powell - Injury Prevention
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Richard A. Schieber, MD, MPH - Pediatrics, Epidemiology Research
Childhood Injury Prevention
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Ellen R. Schmidt, MS - Health Education
Children's Safety Network
Education Development Center


Charley R. Seymour, PhD - Community Outreach
Adopt-a-Bike Program


Gary A. Smith, MD, DrPH - Pediatrics
Center for Injury Research and Policy
American Academy of Pediatrics
Children's Hospital


Shelli Stephens-Stidham - Injury Prevention
Injury Control Division
Oklahoma Department of Health


Carol Stroebel - Injury Prevention, Child Health Policy
Coalition Resources, Inc.


Jane C. Stutts, PhD - Human Factors Research


Safety Research Center
University of North Carolina


Randy Swart - Bicycle Advocacy
Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute


Mandy Taft - Community Outreach
National SAFE KIDS Campaign


Carol H. Tan Esse - Traffic Engineering Research
Federal Administration


Sallie R. Thoreson, MS - Injury Prevention
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment


Allen Turnbull, PhD - Education
BikeWalk Virginia


Preston Tyree - Education
Texas Bicycle Coalition/Education Fund


Elaine A. Tyrrell, MS - Consumer Safety Education
U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission


Maria E. Vegega, PhD - Psychology, Injury Prevention
Office of Traffic Injury Control Programs
National Traffic Safety Administration


Malcolm Washington, Jr. - Education
East Central Health District, Public Health
Richmond, GA County Health Department


Katherine F. Watkins - Traffic Engineering and Planning
City of Cambridge Traffic Calming Project


Landon H. Wickman, Jr. - Community Outreach
Urban Youth Bike Program
New York Cyclist


James B. Wright, MS - Youth Transportation Safety
Office of Traffic Injury Control Programs
National Traffic Safety Administration


Robert Young - Motor Vehicle Safety
Office of Defects Investigation
National Traffic Safety Administration


Charles Zeeger, MS - Traffic Engineering Research
Safety Research Center
University of North Carolina




End Notes


1. Rodgers GB. Bicycle and bicycling use patterns in the United States in 1998. Journal of Safety Research 2000; 31:149-158.

2. Hu PS, Young JR. Draft: Summary of the travel trends, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC: January 8, 1999.

3. National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 1999 [machine-readable public use data tapes]. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC: 2000.

4. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics mortality data, underlying cause of death, 1998 [machine-readable public use data tapes]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD: 2000.

5. National

Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 1999: Pedalcyclists. Report No. DOT HS 809 093, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC: 2000.

6. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2000. Omnibus Transportation Survey.

7. U.S. Department of Transportation. Strategic Plan 2000-2005. Washington, DC: July 2000.

8. Federal

Administration. The National Bicycling and Walking Study: Transportation Choices for a Changing America. Report No. FHWA-PD-94-023, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal

Administration, Washington, DC: 1994.

9. National

Traffic Safety Administration. Promoting Safe Passage into the 21st Century: Strategic Plan 1998. Report No. DOT-HS-808-785, U.S. Department of Transportation, National

Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC: September 1998.

10. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 2000.